Engine Loads

Tools > Project Settings > Travel Time > Engine Loads

Average engine loads for idle, spotting, dumping and trolley assisted operation can be measured from the haul truck’s on-board management systems (such as VIMS, KOMTRAX, etc).

Acceleration

Tools > Project Settings > Travel Time > Acceleration

Acceleration limits are measured in “kilometres per hour per second”. The defaults are set to a conservative standard and should be updated from field observations.

To measure the acceleration and deceleration of a truck, hop in the cab for a number of cycles and measure both loaded and unloaded:

Seconds of hard braking from 10km/h to stationary,
Seconds of hard acceleration from stationary to 10km/h.

Then the maximum acceleration/braking will be the change in speed (10 km/h) divided by the time (measured in seconds).

When measuring the limits of braking, ask the operators about the best practices for reducing load spillage and road maintenance.

Traction

Tools > Project Settings > Travel Time > Traction

The coefficient of traction is the maximum percentage of the normal component of the truck's weight on the driven axle(s) which can be used to accelerate or decelerate the truck. Braking reliance on traction applies another coefficient, which specifies how close the truck driver will approach skidding when decelerating. More traction means that a truck can use faster acceleration and braking without skidding. If traction is so low that a truck would spin its wheels on the ramp, then Haul Infinity will report a “steep segment” error.

Usable Rimpull = Machine Weight * Coefficient of Traction

Coefficient of traction factors (Caterpillar Performance Handbook, 2013)

Adjust the coefficient of traction to match the conditions on your site.

Retarder

Tools > Project Settings > Travel Time > Retarder

Applying brakes with too much force can cause premature brake failure, reduce tyre life expectancy, increase road maintenance costs and/or cause strut damage from digging potholes in the road surface. The default max use of retarder is set to 70% as a conservative estimate of safe operating behaviour. Consider your truck types and maximum ramp gradients when setting the max use of retarder.

Rolling Resistance

Tools > Project Settings > General > Network Defaults

Rolling resistance is the force (as a percentage of gross vehicle weight) required to propel a vehicle at constant speed over level terrain, caused by the tire climbing up out of the depression created by its own load.

Typical rolling resistance factors (Caterpillar Performance Handbook, 2013)

TKPH Constants

Refer to the TKPH rating tables provided by your tyre manufacturer.

Trolley Assist Curves

Rimpull is the total linear force that a vehicle can exert on the ground. Also called “tractive effort,” it is the axle torque divided by the distance from the axle to the road surface.

Power (N*m/s) = Rimpull (N) * Velocity (m/s)

Follow these steps to create a trolley assisted rimpull curve.

Find the rated power of the truck engine
Find the power available to the truck in trolley-assist
In Haul Infinity, copy the Rimpull curve and paste to excel
In Excel, factor the rimpull points by the ratio of k = (trolley rated power) / (oem power)
Copy the data points from excel
Paste them into the Trolley Assist curve for the truck.

Take careful note to use the right units if doing conversions. Haul Infinity uses kilograms of force (kgF) as the default unit of rimpull measurement.

Fuel Curves

Haul truck fuel curves are digitised from the original equipment manufacturer’s handbooks. Operating fuel curves should be updated with measurements from the fleet on-board monitoring systems.

Single Lanes

Haul Infinity 3.4 does not support traffic simulations. Truck fleet allocation is calculated on the assumption of a continuous flow of traffic between the source and destination.

Single lanes can be approximated by placing a stop sign at the entry points to the single lane, with a delay equal to the estimated wait time.

For full mine site traffic simulation, Alastri recommends running Simio in conjunction with Haul Infinity. Visit www.simio.com for more information about discrete event simulation.

Time and Motion Studies

Haul Infinity cycle times can be calibrated with time and motion studies in the field.

Spot time at loader
Digger swing time
Loaded travel time
Spot at dump time
Dump time
Unloaded travel time

To compare partial travel times, place waypoints on the Haul Infinity network and subtotal the segment travel time from the Segments tab.

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